Labatt Blue Sot Essays

Labatt Blue Sot Essays Labatt Blue Sot Paper Labatt Blue Sot Paper | Labatt’s Blue Case Study S.W.O.T Analysis | | Heather Hogg Lucas PeddleBA 10902/4/14 | | Labatt’s Blue Case Study S.W.O.T Analysis | | Heather Hogg Lucas PeddleBA 10902/4/14 |Executive SummaryLabatt’s Blue needs a facelift to indeed be on top in deals of the standard lager fragment. Rivalries among the brands of Budweiser and Coors Light has demonstrated the shortcoming of the showcasing of the company’s item. InBev felt that putting into a Horizontal Integration Strategy was going to assist them with underwriting among lager deals in Canada yet rather have chosen to concentrate on different brands as opposed to Labatt’s Blue. From that point forward the Labatt’s Blue has gone down in deals and is presently searching for advertising systems that will by and by make them an innovator in the standard lager portion. We prescribe that Labatt’s Blue needs to focus on the new, more youthful age of lager consumers through notice and web based life to create brand acknowledgment. Likewise using advancements in brew cases the organization will have the option to start enthusiasm among buyers. The speculation into arriving at the new age of lager consumers will help improve the deals of Labatt’s Blue. Issue: Over the years, Labatt’s Blue has been losing piece of the overall industry inside the brew business in Canada. By what means can Labatt’s Blue make itself by and by Canada’s driving brew mark and overwhelm the market like in it did in past years. Labatt Blue S.W.O.T AnalysisStrengths:In case advancements (throughout the mid year months Labbatt offers giveaways inside its brew cases for consumers)Supports games (has sponsorship attaches with both CFL and NHL)Sensitive to social issues (various names in Quebec without maple leaf) Past include battles that individuals despite everything recollect today (out of nowhere advertisements) Weaknesses: Image as your dad’s lager †when I see Labatt’s Blue the main thing I consider is the possibility that my dad and granddad used to

Opera and Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus free essay sample

Fetishistic Mozart Knolling Amadeus Mozart was conceived on the 27th of January 1756 in Salisbury, Austria. He started taking piano exercises from his dad, who was a performer at four years old and he started creating when he was five. In 1762 his dad took him to Munich and Vienna to acquaint him with the general population In Vienna Mozart played for the Emperor of Austria and it was around this time Mozart figured out how to play the violin and the organ without having exercises. In 1763 he went to Paris with his family, and he had his first sytheses published.Mozart was continually voyaging, and before he was 25 he had seen the vast majority of the significant urban communities of Europe. At the point when he was visiting England in 1763, he created a few sonatas for the violin and the harpsichord. He additionally made a number out of ensembles. He was just eight. In 1769, on a visit to Rome, Mozart went to hear the Sistine ensemble sing, and when he returned home, he put the whole Nor in writing from memory. We will compose a custom article test on Drama and Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Mozart father was in support of the Archbishop of Salisbury for the vast majority of his life, so Mozart was designated show ace to the diocese supervisor for a limited quantity of time.

Benzodiazepines for the Treatment of Anxiety

Benzodiazepines for the Treatment of Anxiety February 04, 2020 Dean812/Flickr/CC BY 2.0 More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions Benzodiazepines are a class of medications commonly used for their tranquilizing and anti-anxiety effects. In the United States, benzodiazepines are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances.?? How Benzodiazepines Work It is believed that benzodiazepines affect the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors of the brain. This action results in slowing of the central nervous system (CNS), inducing a state of relaxation. Benzodiazepines are fairly quick-acting, relieving symptoms in a short amount of time. Uses Common uses for benzodiazepines include the treatment of:?? AnxietyPanic attacksInsomniaSeizuresMuscle spasmsWithdrawal from alcohol or other drugs Benzodiazepines may also be prescribed for other conditions. Examples of benzodiazepines used for the treatment of anxiety-related to panic disorder or other anxiety disorders include:?? Xanax (alprazolam)Klonopin (clonazepam)Valium (diazepam)Ativan (lorazepam)Librium (chlordiazepoxide) How Benzodiazepines Are Prescribed Depending on your condition and symptoms, benzodiazepines may be taken once per day, multiple times per day or on an as-needed basis. Your doctor may begin with a low initial dose that may be increased if you are still experiencing symptoms. The therapeutic dosage varies greatly from individual to individual  and may depend on the severity of one’s symptoms and his or her unique body chemistry. Benzodiazepines should be taken only as directed by your doctor. You should not increase your dosage without consulting your doctor. If youve been prescribed a benzodiazepine, do not stop the medication without your doctor’s advice. Doing so may cause unwanted withdrawal symptoms or worsen your condition and symptoms. Side Effects The most common side effects of benzodiazepine use are drowsiness and impaired coordination. Other side effects include slowed mental processing, confusion, memory impairment, and fatigue.?? If these or other side effects arise and continue to be bothersome, talk to your healthcare provider. Precautions Before beginning benzodiazepine therapy, tell your doctor if you have any of the following conditions: A history of alcohol or other drug abuse or dependenceGlaucomaKidney or liver diseaseSuicidal thoughtsHistory of seizuresHistory of bipolar disorder or depression Certain drugs, including some types of the SSRIs, may affect how a benzodiazepine is metabolized and excreted from your body. This may cause a rise of benzodiazepine medication in your blood. It is important to follow your doctor’s dosing instructions when taking benzodiazepines with SSRIs or other medications to avoid an increased risk for overdose or unwanted side effects.?? Mixing benzodiazepines with alcohol or other classes of sedative (depressant) medications may produce an increased depression of the ?CNS. These interactions can be potentially serious and can result in an increased risk of overdose. There have been reports of fatalities involving these interactions. This list is not all-inclusive. There are other drug interactions that should be avoided and medical issues your doctor may need to consider before starting benzodiazepine therapy. Be sure to tell your doctor about all medications, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements you are taking. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before taking any prescription or over-the-counter medications with benzodiazepines. Pregnancy and Breast Feeding Benzodiazepines have been linked to congenital birth defects when administered during the first trimester of pregnancy. They are also excreted in human breast milk. If you are taking benzodiazepines and become pregnant, talk to your doctor right away.?? Potential for Overdose When used as directed, benzodiazepines are generally safe and effective. However, overdose events have been reported with benzodiazepines alone or in combination with alcohol or other drugs. These events can be potentially life-threatening. Symptoms and signs of overdose include:?? Extreme sedationConfusionImpaired coordinationDiminished reflexesDifficulty breathingComa If benzodiazepine overdose is suspected, immediate medical attention is required. Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal Benzodiazepines have the potential for physical dependence when used for long periods of time, especially at high doses. They can also be psychologically addictive in some individuals. Studies have shown that people who take benzodiazepines over a long period of time may develop tolerance to its therapeutic benefits.?? If tolerance occurs, larger doses of benzodiazepines may be needed to bring about desired results. Long-term use of benzodiazepines may result in physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms if the medication is stopped or decreased suddenly. Withdrawal symptoms may include:?? AnxietyDiarrhea/stomach upsetInsomniaMuscle crampsHeadacheDecreased concentrationRapid breathingTremorsSeizures Again, do not discontinue or decrease your benzodiazepine medication without consulting your doctor. It may be necessary to decrease your dosage slowly to avoid withdrawal complications. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Family Is The Most Definitive And Sensible Definition Of...

Position Paper on Family Arais Farah 14194856 Family is comprised of a group of two or more individuals related by birth, marriage, and or adoption residing together in a household. Family is an social institution which functions in nurturing both emotionally and financially. This definition of family is the most definitive and sensible definition of family because it describes all aspects of family, and the emotional needs of everyone making up the family. Families that meet the description of my definition tend to be successful as a family. The definition also aligns itself to the common U.S laws of family and family rights. It is an advantageous definition because it outlines what a family not only is, but what it should be if it wants to be a successful family. I use the term success because a successful family is one that is emotionally and financially stable, with values and goals. A stable family is a united family. Now when you think about your traditional family, you assume a family is comprised of a heterosexual coupl e of husband and wife, two or three kids living in a traditional home. This traditional family is assumed to be able to carry out the tasks of family in providing financial and emotional support, teaching them the social skills to function out in society, and to respect external authority as well as maintaining authority and control within the family. The debate is whether or not non traditional families can provide the same pillars and structureShow MoreRelatedThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down1469 Words   |  6 Pagesin cultural differences is detrimental to the ultimate goal of improving health. Regardless of opinion, the well being of the patient is what matters. In my opinion, the numerous sources of evidence that Western medicine possess make it the more sensible option. But, just because it makes more sense to me does not mean that others will accept it. This dilemma in acceptance will be the focus for the remainder of this essay. It is my opinion that improving cross -cultural procedure in medicine mustRead MoreIs Bullying Article On The Legal Terms Essay2247 Words   |  9 Pagesarticle focuses on the legal terms, dealing with this topic. Some of the legal terms are victimization, aggression, social exclusion, school interventions, legal interventions and pupil harassment. Understanding the legality of these terms will enable most U.S. states to ban bullying since they enacted legislation on the subject. Although steps are being taken to combat bullying; however, some states only focus on physical bullying. Allowing schools and communities to define bullying can be detrimentalRead MoreEssay on Plotinus, Augustine, Aquinas, K.Wojtyla on Person and Ego3217 Words   |  13 Pagesother times did not. One way that commentators take in such cases is to state that inconsistency is the mark of great thinkers. Hilary Armstrong did not do this. (2) He reconciled the apparent contradictions with the use of new punctuation for the most decisive text aga inst individual forms for human beings. The passages often taken as contradictions applied to quite other realities. Plotinus position is to be taken from Ennead V,7,1 lines 18-23: No, there cannot be the same forming principleRead MoreComplications with Missions to the Native Americans by Europeans1910 Words   |  8 Pagesfor themselves, without title ever reverting to those who had originally loaned it, the Indians grew bitter.† There was also an ever-growing sense of Western pride, and many whites saw themselves as superior, especially the English, â€Å"who seemed the most arrogant about this fact and the leas concerned to preserve any aspect of native civilization. Few Englishmen cared to save aboriginal peoples even if they could persuade them to adopt the values, habits, and materials of a superior culture.† DespiteRead MoreThe Impacts of Child Sexual Abuse3738 Words   |  15 Pagesfleeting and clinically immaterial. Numerous studies affirm that a huge extent of sexually abused children meet indicative criteria for PTSD when assessed clinically. Assessment and medication systems are crucial to manage these youngsters and their families effectively. From a cognitive behavioral perspective and directing variables, we specifically conduct a review of child sexual abuse (Hudson, 2009). Embracing a cognitive-behavioral viewpoint, we accept this is a comprehensive analysis to be conductedRead MoreExplain How The Guests Model Of Hrm Is Adopted At Harrods3430 Words   |  14 Pagesneeds to make sure there is appropriate strategy, outcome, procedures, etc. Specially with the new ownership, there has been strict and more emphasis on HRM and in the model of Guest. (A. Price, 2005) P1.2- Compare the differences between storey’s definitions of HRM, Personnel and IR practices, by reflecting the HRM practices at Harrods and choose a similar organization which have adopted Personnel or IR practices. HRM and Personnel Management are two separate sorts of administration. HRM was createdRead MoreThe Importance of Respect Throughout Society4289 Words   |  18 Pagescharisma, all the way to the traditions and customs that make the organization stand out uniquely and its people proud to be a part of it. Those are just a few as there are many, many more, probably too numerous to name. But one force and concept holds most, if not all, of the others together to give any true organization its life and soul. That concept is respect. Older than any group, organization, religion, civilization, culture or military, respect is almost as old, if not as old, as the humanRead MoreInflence of Parental Monitoring on Adolescent Decision Making9466 Words   |  38 Pagesliterature on adolescent development. Some of these interventions have attempted to manipulate teenagers beliefs, values, and behaviors, hoping to get them to act more cautiously. Other interventions have attempted to improve their ability to make sensible decisions, hoping to get them to make wise choices on their own. Having general decision-making skills might enable teenagers to protect themselves in many situations. By talking openly to teenagers about different aspects of relationships, byRead MorePolice Corruption9501 Words   |  39 PagesPolice Corruption: A Perspective View Into the Definition, Cause, Harm Randy Botelho BSLS Capstone, LS498-01 – Unit 9 Professor Odim December 17, 2011 Thesis Statement Corruption in law enforcement is not victimless and creates a negative perception of the United States legal system. Introduction There are few professions in the United States that are entrusted with protecting society’s safety and system of laws that have been established throughout the course of AmericanRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Development Theory10839 Words   |  44 Pagesbiopsychosocial or bio-psycho-social theory (bio refers to biological, which in this context means life); Eriksons human development cycle or life cycle, and variations of these. All refer to the same eight stages psychosocial theory, it being Eriksons most distinct work and remarkable model. The word psychosocial is Eriksons term, effectively from the words psychological (mind) and social (relationships). Erikson believed that his psychosocial principle is genetically inevitable in shaping human

Definition and Types of Interjections

Interjections are words or phrases that express emotions. You might use an interjection to express surprise (Wow!), confusion (Huh?), or outrage (No!). You may use interjections in casual and in creative writing. You should not use interjections in formal writing, like book reports and research papers. You can use a noun, a verb, or an adverb as an interjection. Noun as an interjection: Foolishness! Your dog is not smarter than my dog! Verb as an interjection: Clap! He deserves some applause for that performance. Adverb as an interjection: Nope! You cannot go into that room until I give you permission. What Do Interjections Look Like? One word: Wow!Phrase: I’m shocked! List of Interjections Baloney! I don't agree with that! Cheers! Good tidings! Duh! That makes sense! Eureka! I found it! EEK! That's scary! Get out! I don't believe it! Golly! I'm amazed! Gee! Really? Huh? What was that? Incredible! That's amazing! Jinx! Bad luck! Ka-boom! Bang! Look! See that! My! Oh dear! Never! I hope that never happens. Oops! I've had an accident. Phooey! I don't believe it! Quit! Stop that! Rats! That's not good! Shoot! I don't like that! Tsk tsk! Shame on you! Ugh! Not good! Woot! Hurray! Wow! Amazing

Exam 1 Free Essays

7. Online computer shopping at websites make it possible for individual consumers to get direct information from hundreds of companies they would not otherwise know about. Consumers can place an order for a purchase that is then shipped to them directly. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Will growth of these services ultimately eliminate the need for retailers and wholesalers? Explain your thinking, giving specific attention to what marketing functions are involved in these â€Å"electronic purchases† and who performs them. Yes, I believe these types of services will eliminate the need for retailers and wholesalers. Depending on the website and company involved, many online companies handle some of the same marketing functions as retailers and wholesalers, such as storing, selling, standardization and grading. Many e-commerce sites have warehouses for storage as well. 13. Define the marketing concept in your own words, and suggest how acceptance of this concept might affect the organization and operation of your college. Marketing concept is about customer satisfaction while making a profit. Rather than giving people an education, Paul D Camp would sell degrees based on supply and demand. The customer value for degrees would be extremely high and profitable. Currently, the Bookstore would probably remain the same. Tutoring services would have an hourly rate. Computer labs would have additional, yet costly services – all based on demand. 8. Consider the market for off-campus apartments in your city. Identify some submarkets that have different needs and determining dimensions. Then evaluate how well the needs in these market segments are being met in your geographic area. Is there an obvious breakthrough opportunity waiting for someone? Some of the submarkets include Single Parent, Family Orientated, Education Focused, Work Focused, Exercisers, Environmentalists, and Special Needs. Some of the dimensions include Needs, Benefits, Kind of Shopping, Information Required, Region, Income, Family Size, Occupation, and Social Class. Most needs are being met except for the education focused submarket. There aren’t any options for student housing for low-income or no-income students who are focused on a 2 year education. An obvious breakthrough would be to offer a loan-based housing plan for students at Paul D Camp. Students would be able to focus on their education while having a place to live. These services could be expanded into other areas such as good allowances and day to day living expense loans. How to cite Exam 1, Essay examples Exam 1 Free Essays

IEEE Transactions And Distributed Systems -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The IEEE Transactions And Distributed Systems? Answer: Introduction Government of Australia and headspace organization has collaborated in developing an information system that would record the story of mentally ill patients during the very first time it is told. This would eliminate the need of retelling the story on visiting a new professional. The system is to be implemented in a cloud environment and therefore it is essential to consider all the security risks associated with deployment of the system on cloud (Steele, Min Lo, 2012). The non financial requirements of the system along with the chosen cloud environment and SDLC approach are elaborated in the following paragraphs. Non-Functional Requirements Non-functional requirements of a system are specific criteria that are needed to be considered while judging the operation of a system. It mainly defines the critical system qualities, interfaces and system constraints. The different non-functional requirements identified for the system are elaborated below (Chung, Nixon Mylopoulos, 2012)- Functionality Functionality of a system defines the essential criteria a system needs to perform to meet its objectives. The non functional requirement of functionality includes the presence of an option quick update and access of the data into the system. Usability The system usability is another primary criterion to consider while identifying the non functional requirements of the system. An easy user interface may increase the usability of the system to a greater extent. Reliability The reliability of the system is essential to consider, as the implementation of the system will be successful only if the patients find it reliable enough to store their health records in the system. Therefore, it should have a recovery option for considering the cases of data loss. Performance The implementation of this information system will be successful only if it is able to perform according to the expectation. The ease of access is a major non-functional requirement of the system that measures the system performance. Security Maintaining a proper security of the system is one of the major non-functional requirements. The mental healthcare data of patients are very confidential and sensitive and therefore it requires proper security (Kulkarni et al., 2012). Encryption of data should therefore be considered as major non-functional requirement. Functional Requirements Vs Non-functional requirements While functional requirements define the basic functionality of the system, the non-functional requirements identified for the system is responsible for enhancing the systems performance level. The non-functional requirement of security is however essential to include in the system as it is one of the major criteria for developing a proper information system for storing the health record of the patients (Pearce Bainbridge, 2014). Cloud Environment: Hybrid The chosen cloud environment for this project is a hybrid cloud environment. This is because the implementation of the system in public cloud although is cost effective, it is not secure enough. There are larger chances of attack in the public cloud as the access of data from a public cloud is easier (AlZain et al., 2012). Private cloud cannot be used in this case, as the data access is difficult and limited in private cloud. The patient would not be able to access their data outside the network of the organization and therefore this cannot be considered as well. Hybrid Cloud: Strength The advantages of using a hybrid cloud environment are listed below- Security and data confidentiality is maintained in the hybrid cloud environment and therefore it would be appropriate to implement this system in a hybrid cloud environment (Li et al., 2015). The cost of implementation of hybrid cloud is lower than the private cloud as the public environment of the hybrid cloud can be leveraged from a trusted third party source. Hybrid Cloud: Weakness The weaknesses of hybrid cloud environment are listed below- An attacker can target the data movement between the public and the private zone of the hybrid cloud and therefore proper security is essential. The initial cost of implementing a system is hybrid cloud is way more than that of public cloud (Chen Zhao, 2012). The SDLC Approach The software development life cycle defines the number of phases required to implement a software application successfully. The different SDLC approaches include the waterfall model, agile model and so on. The predictive and adaptive SDLC approaches are discusses in the following paragraphs. Predictive SDLC The project is pre planned in the predictive SDLC approach and the schedule of the project is set before the project implementation. This is traditional waterfall approach of project management and therefore the chances of project completion within the set time are very high in this approach. Pros The resource requirement is estimated at the beginning of the project and therefore budget estimation becomes easier. The scope of the project remains unchanged thprought the project implementation and therefore the probability of project completion within the set time is very high Cons The primary disadvantage of predictive SDLC is that, there is no scope of improvising the project once it is implemented. The feedback path is absent in predictive SDLC. Adaptive SDLC The phases of the software management and the system implementation are not defined at the beginning of the project and successful implementation of every phase is checked during the implementation of Adaptive SDLC (Balaji Murugaiyan, 2012). Therefore, modifying the system features is easier in this project management approach. Pros The main advantage of adaptive SDLC is that, it is capable of adding new requirements or improvising the system if required. It incorporates a thorough testing of every phase and therefore the probability of project success is very high. Cons Time required and cost of implementation is high Therefore, it can be deduced that since the development of My health record system is a medium sized project with a clear scope, it would be better to use the predictive SDLC approach. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that project under consideration should be developed in a hybrid cloud environment. The report identifies the major non-functional requirements of the system along with a proper SDLC approach for project execution. References AlZain, M. A., Pardede, E., Soh, B., Thom, J. A. (2012, January). Cloud computing security: from single to multi-clouds. In System Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on (pp. 5490-5499). IEEE. Balaji, S., Murugaiyan, M. S. (2012). Waterfall vs. V-Model vs. Agile: A comparative study on SDLC. International Journal of Information Technology and Business Management, 2(1), 26-30. Chen, D., Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. In Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on (Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Chung, L., Nixon, B. A., Yu, E., Mylopoulos, J. (2012). Non-functional requirements in software engineering (Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Kulkarni, G., Gambhir, J., Patil, T., Dongare, A. (2012, June). A security aspects in cloud computing. In Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), 2012 IEEE 3rd International Conference on (pp. 547-550). IEEE. Li, J., Li, Y. K., Chen, X., Lee, P. P., Lou, W. (2015). A hybrid cloud approach for secure authorized deduplication. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 26(5), 1206-1216. Pearce, C., Bainbridge, M. (2014). A personally controlled electronic health record for Australia. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 21(4), 707-713. Steele, R., Min, K., Lo, A. (2012). Personal health record architectures: technology infrastructure implications and dependencies. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 63(6), 1079-1091

All That Heaven Allows Essay Example

All That Heaven Allows Essay Example All That Heaven Allows Essay All That Heaven Allows Essay Gary is a widow in upper class. Before she met Ron, she just acted as what the usual wealth women looked like. Staying in the society made up of all the high society people like her. It supposed that it should not happen to her to be friends with the people outside the â€Å"society† and let alone marry to him. After meeting Ron, Gary was attracted by his enthusiasm and persistence. However, her society she belonged to does not accept that even her children could not accept their love. She gave up their love under pressure but after talking with the doctor, she finally knew that she could not give up their love. 2. Kay was the daughter of Gary. She was not that disagree with her mother’s marriage with Ron until she could not burden the pressure from the upper class around them. Alida was the woman representing the lower class and she was nice and happy. They lived with their own characters and feelings. However, Sara and Mona represented the upper class where Gary used to belong to. They were living with a mask. Surficially, they accepted Ron; however, they looked down upon him in the next minute. 3. When they went to the cocktail party, the high society looked down upon Ron because of he was a gardener. However, when they went to the party held in Mick’s house, they were warmly accepted and they were happy without the pressure about their age difference and class difference. These two different scene showed apparently the flaws of the upper class and their distains for lower class. . Gary was representing the aristocratic women in the high society. She had the setting way to go with her life. However, after meeting with Ron, she changed step by step, from caring about what other says to fight for their love and finally â€Å"came home†. She went through the restriction of the class difference and age difference. 5. In my opinion, the moral message is directly stated in the film, which is courage and persistence is essential to confront with opposi tions and we should live for ourselves. The society should be heaven and everyone should be equal. 6. The music is typically 1950s. It gives me the feel of that year and helps me to get to the emotion of the people in the film and the director. 7. I think maybe there is one motif. The broken teapot. It represents the stage of Gary and Ron’s relationship. Ron showed his admiration by fixing the teapot and Gary broke the teapot when she decided to give up their relationship. 8. In the hunting scene, it seems to suggest that not only the women have the setted way to live but also the men.

Using the Spanish Verb Llevar

Using the Spanish Verb Llevar The Spanish verb llevar used to mean primarily to carry a heavy burden. However, it has become one of the most flexible verbs in the language, used not only in discussing what a person carries, but also what a person wears, has, does, tolerates, or moves. As a result, it isnt always easy to tell what llevar means out of context. Llevar is conjugated regularly. Using Llevar as Meaning To Wear One of the most common uses of llevar is as the equivalent of to wear clothing or accessories. It can also refer to wearing or sporting a type of style. Normally, if a person is wearing a type of item of which he or she would wear or use only one at a time, the indefinite article (un or una, the equivalent of a or an) is not used. Often the definite article (el or la (the equivalent of the) can be used instead. If the identity of the item is important, such as if the sentence identifies the items color, an indefinite article is retained. No es necesario llevar el sombrero. (It isnt necessary to wear your hat.)Ha decidido llevar la barba. (He has decided to sport a beard.)No olvides taparte el cuello y lleva camisa de manga larga. (Dont forget to cover up your neck and wear a long-sleeved shirt.)No sabemos cà ³mo vamos a llevar el pelo. (We dont know how we are going to wear our hair.) Other Uses for Llevar Here are examples of llevar in use with meanings other than to wear, along with possible translations. Each item in the list shows the expression using llevar, a common meaning and examples in Spanish with a translation to English: llevar (algo) - to carry (something) - No puedo llevar nada ms. (I cant carry anything else.)llevar (algo) - to take or move (something) - Voy a llevar los platos al sà ³tano. (Im going to take the dishes to the basement.)llevar (algo) - to tolerate, cope or deal with (something) - (Lleva muy bien las derrotas.  (He puts up with defeat very well.)llevar (algo or a alguien) - to transport (something or someone) - Pedro nos llevà ³ al aeropuerto.  (Pedro took us to the airport.)llevar (ingrediente) - to have or include (an ingredient) - A mi madre le gusta todo lo que lleva chocolate. (My mother likes anything with chocolate in it.)llevar (un vehà ­culo) - to drive (a vehicle) - Llevà ³ el coche a Madrid. (She drove the car to Madrid.)llevar (una organizacià ³n o una empresa) - to direct, run or lead (an organization or business) - Ingrid lleva la tienda de artesanà ­a. (Ingrid runs the artists store.)llevar (un nombre) - to bear (a name) - Una calle de Candel aria lleva el nombre de Josà © Rodrà ­guez Ramà ­rez. (A Candelaria street bears the name of Josà © Rodrà ­guez Ramà ­rez.) llevar (tiempo) - to last (time) - Llevo meses diciendo que hay metodologias alternativas. (Ive been saying for months there are other ways.) Llevo tres dà ­as sin dormir. (Ive gone three days without sleeping.)llevar (dinero) - to charge (money) - El revendedor me llevà ³ mucho dinero por los boletos. (The scalper charged me a lot of money for the tickets.) Using Llevarse Llevarse, the reflexive form of llevar, also has a variety of meanings: llevarse - to get along with or be suitable for  - Nos llevamos bien. (We get along well together.) No se lleva bien con su madre. (He doesnt get along well with his mother.) Este aà ±o se lleva bien los pantalones cortos. (Short pants are in style this year.)llevarse (algo) - to take (something) - Llà ©vatelo. (Take it with you.) Quisiera llevarme la flor. (Id like to take the flower with me.)llevarse (algo) - to receive or win (something) - Se llevà ³ el premio Nobel. (She won the Nobel Prize.) Idioms Using Llevar Here are examples of idiomatic phrases using llevar: dejarse llevar - to be carried along, to go with the flow - Optà © por lo que sentà  en el momento y me dejà © llevar por la incertidumbre. (I chose according to what I felt at the moment and let myself be carried along with the uncertainty.)llevar a (algo) - to lead to (something) - La mediacià ³n papal llevà ³ a la paz entre Argentina y Chile. (The popes mediation led to peace between Argentina and Chile.) Me llevà ³ a creer que es inteligente. (She led me to believe she is intelligent.)llevar a cabo - to accomplish, to perform - Alrededor de 400 personas llevaron a cabo la Marcha por La Dignidad. (About 400 people demonstrated in the March for Dignity.)llevar a cenar - to take out to dinner - Lo mejor es que nos llevà ³ a cenar en la ciudad vieja. (The best thing is that she took us to dinner in the old city.)llevar cuenta - to keep account -  ¿Quià ©n lleva cuenta del resultado? Whos keeping track of the score?llevar encima - to have on ones person - En ese momento me di cuenta de que no llevaba dinero encima. (At that moment I realized that I didnt have any money on me.) para llevar - to go (as in takeout food) - Quisiera dos hamburguesas para llevar. (Id like two hamburgers to go.)

Article critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Article critique - Assignment Example In the recent times, the vacancies for headship in school in UK are swelling up at alarming rate with increasing number of head-teachers who are opting for early retirement. Effective succession planning for selection and retention of head-teachers through leadership development programmes has become priority for UK government. The paper would critically analyze the article for the various issues and paradigms within the educational system that promote the need for government programmes. The initiatives are designed to create future educational leaders who would be able to fill the vacancies of senior school staff. Critique The article is highly relevant and gives deep insight into the developing crisis situation in UK schools which are faced with the huge problems of filling the vacancies of Headship with right candidates. Howson report (2007) shows concern on the government’s inability to fill the vacancies of headship in 35% of primary, 19% of secondary and 33% of special s chool. The authors are hopeful that FL program would be able to create committed leaders who would be able to do justice to the post of headship in the future. ... It greatly limits the scope of the programs and deters talents from non academia. They can bring in new ideas and approach to various paradigms of educational system and teaching. The article is divided into two distinct parts: one that elaborates an evaluated the ‘Future Leader’; and second part that tries to look into the crisis that has emerged with low retention and increasing trend of early retirement of the heads of the schools. While the two issues are important paradigms of education system, the authors’ have been ambiguous in clarifying whether the existing heads actually lack leadership traits. The issues have been examined in relative detail so that developing crisis of low retention of senior staff of schools could be identified. But the article is unable to identify linkages between the two issues for efficient delivery of goals of the FL programmes. There is ambiguity as to how the FL would be able to resolve the issue of early retirement of heads. B ut it has been successful in showing the viability of FL in schools primarily because of the fast transforming societal format which has increasingly become multicultural. The authors have used questionnaires, interview schedules and case studies to analyze the inputs from participants of the programme. At various stages of the programmes, the inputs from the participants and various stakeholders like host school management, senior staff, mentors of the participants etc. have been judiciously evaluated against the wider goals and objectives of the programme. The authors assert that while the initial programme was highly successful in developing educational leaders, the

Performance Evaluation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance Evaluation - Case Study Example Lastly, the current evaluation form rates an employee on a scale that is not clearly defined. The use of ‘medium’ and ‘low-medium’ ratings can have different meanings and can form different perceptions on raters and cannot be quantified as well as some other rating scales might do. These ratings are also relative to the performance of others and thus might not accurate portray the performance of the employee and his commitment to the organization. A1. Some of the most commonly used sets of criteria used to evaluate the performance of an individual on the job are skill set, contribution towards the overall mission and goals of the company, and an employee’s work ethic. B. Evaluating based on overall contributions can be done based on criteria like sales figures, number of contracts negotiated and won and other task-related criteria. This set is perhaps most valuable because it sends a message to the employees that they shall be evaluated based on what they achieve for the company. Thus employees shall be more inclined to meet targets. In situations where an employee’s contributions can be quantified, this set of criteria can prove to be quite useful. When evaluating based on work ethic, an employee’s punctuality, friendliness, honesty, motivation and absenteeism are all taken into account. This set is valuable to an evaluator because in working environments that require low absenteeism and group harmony, the employee will be judged on how he fares across these dimensions. This set of criteria can of course be modified according to the needs of the organization and the individual. Lastly, examining an employee’s skill set is also an integral part of evaluations. It helps understand an employee’s strengths and weaknesses and provides a broader view of an employee’s performance. C. Advantages: There are many advantages of getting feedback from supervisor, subordinates and peers. A 360-degree evalua tion provides a more rounded feedback to the employee. It helps the employee in understanding the areas he needs to improve upon in order to develop as one of the leaders in the organization. This type of feedback provides the employee with more detailed information which can be useful in developing the employee’s career. D. Disadvantages: Personal issues may affect the accuracy of evaluations as some subordinates, supervisors and peers may give biased or dishonest opinions. Secondly, supervisors may deliberately give lower ratings so as to protect their own jobs and avoid the risk of being surpassed by their subordinates. If a particular employee is a favorite of the supervisors, he/she may be rated higher than others and have their contributions recognized quicker than others. Lastly, each rater can have a different viewpoint of performance so consistency will be lacking across different raters’ evaluation E. Three data analysis tools for performance appraisal are pa ired evaluation, graphic rating scale and management by objective (MBO). The paired comparison style is used when a lot of relevant options are present. Each option is compared to the others in the list and given a score and the option with the highest score is selected at the end. The paired comparison style is useful in situations when there are plenty of options available and where priorities are not clear. However, it is not

Nursing Research Methods: Article Critique Essay

Nursing Research Methods: Article Critique Essay Title: Factors related to academic success among nursing students: A descriptive correlational research study Samina Iqbal Kanji The article under critique is a quantitative research study titled as â€Å"Factors related to academic success among nursing students: A descriptive correlational research study†; published in the year 2013. I will be critiquing this article according to the provided guideline. Title of the study under concern is unambiguous, thus capturing the population and phenomenon of interest. Additionally, the abstract is structured and is providing information under separate headings. The problem: The described problem is of great importance to nursing, because increased nursing shortage is posing a threat to the health industry in terms of competency and quality of care by the nursing staff. The researcher has critically analyzed the significance in terms of the relation between the academic success and its effects on the replacement of existing nursing staff The purpose of the research has been explained and the study will fulfill its purpose by providing an insight to the nursing education system to bring changes in curricula for improved results. As prior knowledge about the variables has already been discussed with other students therefore to precede the level of inquiry a quantitative approach is used as the purpose is to know about the correlations. There was no operational definition mentioned explicitly about the research variables; however their correlation with academic success has been given in other contexts. There was no explicit problem statement present in the introduction; however, linkages were made following the broad to narrow approach. Thus, provide an insight in to the nursing practice. The researcher has acknowledged the limitations of the study in terms of sample bias, low generalizability and different results at times due to the spiritual component. There were no explicit assumptions described; however one can infer from the introduction that giving an answer to the factors affecting academic success can in long run help in combat the effects of nursing shortage. Review of the literature: The review provided in the study was comprehensive, logical and critically analyzed, hence gave sequential information ranging from the admission of the nursing students, factors important for their academic success, associations between different factors and academic success and finally the itch of the study i-e correlation of factors with academic success of nursing students. The relationship of the literature review to the research purpose is unambiguously evident by using a funnel approach. In addition, most of the references were taken from the year 1982-2012. Those with old references were explicitly supported by their presence in the latest literature. The review consists of almost all of the theoretical work, though if empirical support could have made this review stronger. Besides, almost all of the researches were from primary sources and were paraphrased adequately. The information provided in the review clearly gives a way for conducting a new research; moreover, research er has also acknowledged this gap at the end of the literature review i-e there is a gap of researches done for the improvement of academic success of nursing students. Protection of human rights: The proposed study has been designed to lessen the effects of issues occurring as a result of nursing shortage i-e decreased quality of care, decreased number of competent nurses, and increased rates of nursing student’s turnover. Besides, the results of this study will not only affect the whole health care system, but it will affect the professional growth and academic success of individual nursing student. The evidence of voluntary informed consent has been mentioned explicitly that was sent to participants via electronic medium. There was no evidence present explicitly for coercion. As the sampling was done conveniently, therefore, participants were not invited during periods of high stress; rather they were asked to fill the research questioners in their own time. There was no way to identify about the identities of study participants as their data was incorporated anonymously on survey monkey software and also provided with numerical codes.. There is an explicit evidence of study review by Institutional Review Board (IRB). Theoretical/conceptual Framework: The researcher has not acknowledged the use of any theoretical / conceptual framework. According to Burns and Grove (2010), descriptive studies do not require any theoretical framework as the purpose is still to explore and describe phenomenon. The researcher may have conceptualized by looking the effects of different variable on the academic success. According to Burns and Grove (2010), at times elementary concepts about the variables make the conceptual frameworks and are present at the start of the study but are not acknowledge by the researcher and are referred as implicit frameworks. The research problem flows from the background knowledge. Concepts such as nursing shortage, student attrition, and academic success are briefly described. Hypothesis: The researcher has not stated hypothesis explicitly. However, there absence is justified in Polit and Beck (2012) that the purpose of descriptive correlational design is to describe the nature and relation between different variables and hypothesis generation; rather than concluding about casualty. However, on the other hand, Coughlan, Cronin and Ryan (2007) suggest that correlational designs approaches the relationship either via hypothesis testing of answering research question. But, researcher has not explicitly mentioned about his study research question also which could be a negative critique. Academic success in this study serves as the dependent variable, however emotional intelligence; psychological empowerment; resilience; and spiritual wellbeing plays the part of independent variables respectively. As it as a non-experimental design, therefore predictions can’t be made about the intervention or control group. Sampling: The researcher wants to generalize the study findings to all the nursing students, and has described it well. The target population is appropriate according to the research problem and resource limitation, as it would have been very difficult to cater all nursing students keeping in mind the cost constraints, human, and material resources. The researcher has clearly defined the selection process that is convenient sampling and snowballing via professors of the universities. The sampling method used fits very well with the level of inquiry and research design. This point was supported by Polit and Beck (2012) that in descriptive correlational studies; the purpose is to explore the initial relationships between variables without knowing about the conclusions therefore, self-selection or convenient sampling methods are use. Moreover, as the researcher is unaware about the existence of relationship in nursing students therefore choosing this sampling strategy would be cost effective. The re are no potential sampling biases explicitly described in the study. However, according to Rebecca (2010) one of the limitation of convenient sampling is selection bias itself, therefore potential biases could have been existed. The researcher has used power analysis to calculate sample size. However, according to Rebecca (2010), the acceptable standard for calculating power analysis is alpha 0.05, moderate effect size, and power of 0.80. The researcher has used very small power therefore; sample is not sufficiently large to generalize it to the whole population. The generalizations can be made cautiously to the nursing students. There were no control groups present, however, exclusion criteria is used to ensure a representative sample. There is no evidence of minimizing sampling error; yet if large sample size was used then it could have been minimized. Research Design: The design used for this study is a non-experimental design named as â€Å"descriptive correlational study†. This design comes under the category of level II studies and according to Rebecca (2010), correlational studies are used when the researcher wants to answer about the relationship between the variables whose nature has been described either by prior researches or literature synthesis. After going through the article and other literatures, researcher has selected an appropriate study design. One could say that researchers have already been done on students in addressing the relationship of this variable as the researcher acknowledged its absence in nursing students therefore it was a wise decision because stressors could be different for students with different programs. There is no discussion about the effects of extraneous variables and their control, however he has discussed the application of regression to analyses unique predictors however he was not successful with the regression models. The information provided in this study can permit the study replication in other nursing universities. Moreover, as this was a religious university, therefore replicating the research in non-religious universities could give better understanding about the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and academic success. Data Collection: The data collection instruments used by the researcher were Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), Spreitzer Psychological Empowerment Scale, Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale, the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), and the background information of the participants. There were selection reason described, they are explained sufficiently. The research instrument by their characteristics showed congruency with the research question.. The researcher has described the use of different types of validity (face, content, discriminant, incremental, convergent) for each of the instruments where possible. Moreover, to ensure the reliability, the researcher has run reliability coefficients. According to Polit and Beck (2012), ensuring the validity and reliability of an instrument is important for the quality and results accuracy of the study results. The results of these tests of validity and reliability are enough for their usage as they are analyzed for both showing stronger correlations separately. Since the reliabilities of the instruments were stronger ranging from 0.85 to 0.91 respectively and they were valid; therefore they were suitable to for use with the study sample keeping in mind the four factors to be analyzed via them. Quantitative Analysis: The researcher has used descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, and percentages) and Pearson’s correlation using the PASW statistics 18 to analyze the data. According to Coughlan, Cronin and Ryan (2007), descriptive studies results are analyzed via descriptive statistics. Moreover, according to Polit and Beck (2012), correlation between two variables is described through correlation procedures mainly through correlation coefficient. Therefore, the analysis methods fit with both the level of inquiry a research design. The level of measurement in this study for all variables is quantitative ratio in nature. According to Polit and Beck (2012), Pearson’s correlation coefficient are used when the variable under study either belong to interval or ratio level of measurement. The link between the data analysis and findings has been made clear unambiguously by the researcher. Moreover, the researcher has used Pearson correlation(r) and p value to show the degree of r elationship and statistical analysis for each variable, and described them very clearly altogether to show the relationship logically. At times researcher has gone beyond the data to interpret the result, for example in measuring emotional intelligence; the researcher has analyzed the differences between graduate and undergraduate students by the type of stressors. The statistical result is very well presented in the text but numerical presentation could have been better in the form of showing all results and statistics altogether. The provided results by correlation coefficient and p value are giving enough evidence about the correctness of the results. There were no graphical displays shown by the researcher, however according to Polit and Beck (2012), correlation relationships can be shown through scatter plots. Conclusions and recommendations: The results of the data analysis were unambiguously explained in terms of the research purpose for undergraduate and graduate students separately. Through this the reader can make decisions about the correlation between different factors affecting academic success easily. The generalization of these findings can be questionable due to small sample size and convenient nature of the design, thus posing a threat to external validity. The results of the findings can indirectly affect our patients as such factors could lead to student’s retention thereby welcoming more qualified nurses to provide competent care to the patients. There are no risk identified by the study findings; however, such results could provide an insight to the nursing educators in renewing the curriculum to bring positive long-term results. In the discussion section; the researcher has given recommendation in the light of literature and study findings for improving teaching strategies. Moreover, future researc hes for academic planning has also been proposed, however no such discussion has been made about nursing practice. Though the study needs cautious generalizations in terms of small sample size, still can give insight for replication, experimental studies for future policy making References: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Burns, N., Grove, S. K. (2010). Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., Ryan, F. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1: quantitative research. British Journal of Nursing, 16(11), 658-663 Keele, R. (2010). Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Polit, D.F. Beck, C.T. (2012). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins

India’s Nuclear Policy

The relationship between International Nuclear Regimes and developing nations is a matter of passionate debate. Debate is in process on certain issues like nuclear policy, on grand strategies, on basic political values etc. It is a debate with implications for our individual and collective existence and raises fundamental question about political preferences, approaches and pathways ahead. The end of World War II and use of nuclear bomb presented US with new kind of strategic dilemma. How could a potentially apocalyptic technology once discovered, permanently be kept out of the hands of competitors and in March 1963, President J. F. Kennedy warned the Americans public that 15-25 states would come to posses nuclear weapons by 1970. (Spector,Sanfrancisco,1990) Currently 09 states have successfully detonated nuclear weapons of which 05 are called Nuclear Weapon States- US, Russia, U. K, France, China and rest are India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. The prediction of President Kennedy did not come to pass is not because of lack of technological know how but rather several states that could have developed nuclear weapon program chose not to do so and signed NPT (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty) as non- nuclear weapon states. It is the most questionable treaty by International Nuclear Regime and posses direct criticism from developing nations. The discrimination is inherent in NPT as it allows some state to have nuclear weapons while others not and it is sidestepped by the inclusion of Article VI. It represents a diplomatic victory in the cold war era; success was almost destined from the outset due to simple strategic dynamic: nuclear armed states, as they didn’t want to nullify their strategic advantage by allowing competitors to acquire nuclear weapons. http://www. ippnw. org/Resourcelibrary/Treaties Brief. Pdf) CTBT banns all nuclear explosions, whether they take place in atmosphere or underground the earth. It was negotiated in Geneva between 1994 and 1996. The treaty has not come into force. Without the support from key players like US, China, DPRK, Egypt, to a lesser degree India etc. , it faces an uncertain future. India-Pak largely owing to their low-level nuclear arms race, have not signed the treaty. Though a lot of external pressure is constantly been made for it. (http://www. ocstoc. com/docs/5313084/CTBTO-Fact-Sheet-CTBT-Comprehensive-Nucl earTeat-Ban-Treaty) FMCT- Fissile Material Cut off Treaty similarly bans the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Again it has faced similar results as of earlier treaties. There has been a nuclear non-proliferation regime since 1957, but its future is in doubt. Increasingly bilateral influences on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) programs indicate retrenchment from cooperative multilateral behavior. Restrictions on technology transfer, undertaken in efforts to prevent the creation of the unit veto-system have impelled developing countries to break out of the collaborative framework of the regime and pursue autarchic strategies. As far as norms like universality is concerned the developing countries mistrust proposed universal institutions because of disparities in power maintaing advantages for the developed states even under ostensibly universal rules. Also the developing states countering to the International Nuclear Regimes are reluctant to accept sovereignty costs without symbolic and material compensations. Brito, New York, 1983) The Nuclear suppliers states have historically been able to monopolize the supply of materials facilities and technology, because they have the leverage of monopoly suppliers, they have been able to make demands on other states that can’t be ignored. The developing states have had little of the power within the regime enjoyed by the nuclear suppliers. (Schiff, New Jersey, 1984) Along with these the other treaties and groups like outer space treaty, Sea bed treaty, London Group, Australia Group etc. hich form the international nuclear regime are known for their discriminatory policies especially for the concern of developing nations. So it becomes necessary to study their role in making of nuclear policy of India. The Indian Nuclear Program was started in mid-1940s as India gained independence from centuries of British rule, and after the use of atomic weapons against Japan by U. S. both these legacies have had an impact on Indian leaders. In 1948 the Atomic Energy Act was set up. Under it the Department of Atomic Energy was created in 1954. (http://www. world-nuclear. org/info/inf53. tml) Obduracy of Nuclear powers of the world compelled India to go nuclear. Legitimization of nuclear weapons by international community also contributed towards India going nuclear. Rising trends of intervention by the industrialized nations in the domestic affairs of developi ng nations, among which India is also one, also compelled India to direct its nuclear resources towards nuclear weapons. It was necessary for India to protect the autonomy of decision making in the developmental process in strategic matter which are inalienable democratic rights of one sixth of the global population residing in India. From the beginning, the Indian nuclear programme was ambitious, India developed facilities for mining Uranium, fabricating fuel, manufacturing heavy water, and reprocessing spent fuel etc. the program never lost sight of the military uses of atomic energy. During 1950s Homi Bhabha, the chief architect of nuclear program, was greatly interested in developing the technology for peaceful nuclear explosions, an interest that culminated ultimately in the 1974 nuclear test at Pokhran. Yet India was a champion of NAM. Even as its nuclear program was growing, India was at the forefront of several disarmament proposals including CTBT, originally suggested by Nehru in 1954. (Rajain, New Delhi, 2005) National Security considerations -During the negotiations of Nuclear NPT in 1967, India argued against the discriminatory aspect and called it nuclear colonialism. During the course of the CTBT negotiations, there was a crucial change in the Indian stance. As Salman Hyder said â€Å"We don’t believe that the acquisition of nuclear weapon is essential for our national security and we have followed a conscious decision in this regard†. This was completely in line with the traditional Indian view point of not using nuclear weapon for military uses. But on 20-June-1996 when the Indian Ambassador to the Conference on Disarmament, Arundhati Ghose, rejected the CTBT in the present form, she said that the CTBT was not in Indian security interests and our national security considerations have become a key factor in our decision making. This was a marked shift in Indian nuclear policy making. (Peimani, New Delhi, 2000) Domestic Trends- These shifts towards global disarmament and its increasingly strident criticism of any step by step measures towards nuclear disarmament influenced by domestic or internal trends on forces. Ever since the early 1960s, hawkish sections of the Indian policy making community have argued in the domestic media in favor of building a nuclear arsenal. The 1974 nuclear tests is in part, a display of their influences. The last few governments in India have been relatively weak and unstable, all formed by coalitions of various parties with different agendas. Hence there came a little slowdown in the the nuclear policy making as parties from the left-Marxist views turned out to be an obstacle dealing with the issue at international level and many other factors also pressurized the relatively weak governments. But governments managed to follow consistent opposition to any restraints on Indian nuclear and missile program. (http://www. meadv. gov. in/govt/inducld. html) In reality however, Indian leaders including Rajiv Gandhi, V. P. Singh, Atal Bihari Vajpayee- did the bare minimum to operationalize and institutionalize the nuclear option. Also the nuclear weapons are seen by political leaders essentially as a way to enhance their domestic standing and their nation’s international status. PM Indira Gandhi’s decision to give green light to 1974 PNE was domestic politics. Similarly after series of tests in May 1998, Home Minister L. K. Advani felt compelled to issue a nuclear threat to Pakistan. While China is cited as the motivation behind India’s Nuclear Weapons Programme, but that is irrelevant to most of the Indians for whom Pakistan is a bigger threat. Similar nuclear nationalism is also evident in the actions of Indian leaders at International level. The crossover of the external pressure into the domestic political arena was evident during CTBT negotiations. Both P. VNarsimha Rao and H. D. Deve Gowda governments showed unvandering support towards India’s strategic enclave (and opposition to CTBT). But on the other hand there was perception that after 1999 the doors would be closed to enhance India’s nuclear status so much so that Former PM I. K Gujral a nuclear dove admitted that had he continued in office until Sep. 999, the pressure to test would have been difficult to resist. But in spite of weak coalition government Indian hawks managed pressure imposed by the NWS and particularly USA. Also the economic liberalization program has contributed in an indirect way to the campaign. Hand in hand with the 5-10% increase in the Indian economy has been the rise of Indian elite group who insisted to make India a powerful nation. (Sidhu, NewDelhi, 2004). India has proved that it is capable of playing hard ball with the great powers and the time has come for the west especially USA to recognize India’s nuclear status. And was done also as Nuclear deal with US, Russia, France, Canada, Kazakhstan, Mongolia etc. Till December 2008 Russia’s Rosatom and French- Areva had contracted to supply Uranium. Where as January 2009- Kazatomprom signed a MoU for supplying 300tones Uranium in 2010-11. September 2009 Uranium supply agreement with Mongolia and Namibia. March 2010 Russia offered India stake in its Sakha Republic and agreed on a Joint Venture with ARMZ uranium holding. In July 2010 the Minster of Science and technology reported that India had received 868tU from France, Russia and Kazakhstan. http://www. meadv. gov. in/govt/inducld. html) Following the 2005 agreement between US and Indian heads of state on nuclear energy cooperation, UK indicated its strong support for great cooperation and France- Canada moved in similar direction. US department of commerce, the UK and Canada relaxed control on exports of technology to Indian staying under guidelines of NSG. In October 2008 US-Congress passed the bill allowing civil nuclear trade with India and also a nuclear trade agreement was signed with France. Erckel, London, 2008) As of now India has total 19 operating nuclear power reactors other than this 04 are under construction 39- are planned or firmly proposed. 05 new Nuclear Energy Parks under construction Uranium resources 54000 tones uranium is reasonably assured resources 2350 tones uranium estimated additional in situ. (http://www. world-nuclear. org/info/info80. html) All this proves India to be a big Nuclear State with accelerated growth in the nuclear sector. Also it becomes important to look into the matter that how in spite of not signing any disarmament or nuclear non-proliferation agreement and keeping a strong standing position against all the external pressures exerted by big powers, how India managed to officially mark its presences in the nuclear club. As doing various nuclear trade agreements with countries like US, France, Canada, Russia etc. in itself position India to be a nuclear weapon state which earlier these countries were not willing to agree with. The status of India as the head of developing countries against the International nuclear regime is also the matter to be studied in order understand Indian Nuclear Policy. The dramatic changes from a nuclear dove to a nuclear hawk behavior in the Indian policy making with regard to nuclear issues is another point to be studied. And the fundamental change in the domestic politics from single party government to coalition has also marked great influence in the nuclear policy making.

Finding the Best Xat Previous Years Essay Topics

Finding the Best Xat Previous Years Essay Topics Let's look at the many Essay and Group Discussion topics and the recurring questions which have been asked in Personal Interviews as a piece of IIFT Admissions over the last couple of decades. Therefore, if you struggle to compose an essay, then you need to write something daily. In your very first paragraph, give the examiner a neutral idea about what you want to accomplish by means of this essay. Thus, you can see writing a superb essay in XAT is crucial to boost your selection in the b school. Reading can help you prepare not just essay writing but also general understanding. Drawing skills aren't a requirement! To make content for good reading, it's important that the writing is interesting throughout. To get ready for the GD, reading newspapers ought to be an essential portion of someone's daily routine. By way of example, what you could do is, see the sort of questions comes in RC. The questions will arrive in the shape of sets. Sometimes school and church computers or accounts are not going to let you download things from unknown websites on the world wide web. The facilities are available on the internet and candidates should make total use of it. Even though it has to be added that a number of the questions in XAT are usually pretty tricky and it would be wise for students to be somewhat judicious when attempting questions. If you don't have accessibility to the web, call 847-716-3005 for aid. Instead of attempting to deal with issue, the government should concentrate on the root reasons for the issue. As a result of its complexity and magnitude, a lot of the government initiatives fail. Poverty is a result of failure of government policies as a result of simple fact that governments do not target the root causes. Statement II Poverty is a result of the government policies. What You Need to Know About Xat Previous Years Essay Topics The application will display all kinds of data you may back up with. Students only have to click the download link and save the file in their device. A verifcation code was sent to your cellular number. You're going to be requested to create a password. Simply follow the link in the email and you'll be shown the status of your purchase. Xat Previous Years Essay Topics - What Is It? It is an impossible task to discover these events in iOS. By way of example, at the beginning of a new period, you may want a group of users to finish posting financial transactions in the prior period, although other groups work just in the new period. You may use the Ledger calendar page to observe the particulars of the fiscal calendar, fiscal decades, and periods utilized by your organization. These charming day by day calendars are an excellent way to keep tabs on the date and eager to find out what tomorrow holds. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Xat Previous Years Essay Topics There were questions that were tricky and required a thorough comprehension of concepts. Structure, argument and many other facets that you portray through your ess ay is judged also. Possessing an acceptable understanding of the contemporary topics will offer you an edge. Every one of these factors reflects your personality traits and that's the key criteria for selection. The practice exercise book includes exercises for all of the analytical puzzles. A Personal Interview is something which is widely feared by all the candidates, but nevertheless, it ought to be looked at as a chance to demonstrate their abilities and strengths. Keep an eye on your time so that you don't exceed the time limit. In that moment, it's quite important to continue to keep your cool and keep a structure. So, in the event you've got slow typing speed, then you have to improve it also. Do not take over five minutes for it. The Awful Secret of Xat Previous Years Essay Topics At the conclusion of exam you are going to have to write Essay on some assigned topic. And in regards to the HR course XLRI is the very best amongst all. Here's the preceding year XAT topics to be aware of the kind of essay topics of the exam. You are able to find more information about the Written Ability Test (WAT) and find some preparation strategies for the exact same. It is vital to decide on the proper books for appropriate preparation. Practice writing an essay on what you've read within thirty minutes. Essay writing is a significant portion of the XAT Exam especially because it's conducted together with the principal exam. It is an important part of the XAT Exam especially because toics is conducted along with the main exam.

A Brief Note On Diabetes And Diabetes Mellitus - 1428 Words

1. Problems, Issues or Disease Progress of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus refers to a chronic human health condition characterized by prolonged high sugar level in the blood. A group of metabolic disorders like, seizures, lethargy, and jaundice among others, which occur when chemical reactions abnormally alter the normalcy of the body’s metabolic processes, causes this condition. Diabetes occurs mainly because of two issues; due to inadequate production of insulin by the pancreas, and due to failure of the bodily cells to respond adequately to the produced insulin. Diabetes can occur in four types. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. It was thus referred to as either juvenile diabetes or†¦show more content†¦Severe consequences can be prenatal death. They include pre-diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and congenital diabetes. The general prevention and treatment for diabetes include a healthy diet, doing physical exercises, not smoking tobacco, and controlling one’s blood pressure. However, there are management criteria specific to every type of the condition. Type 1 diabetes is managed by injecting the patient with insulin. Type 2 diabetes is managed through medications which may or may not contain insulin (Winter, 2002). The decision on whether to provide insulin or some oral medications to a type 2 diabetes patient is reached depending on how the patient’s body reacts with the medications. Some medications can cause excessive reduction in blood sugar. Obese patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are recommended for weight loss surgery. Gestational diabetes is manages itself after birth. It may only exist as long as a woman not diabetic is pregnant (Lowe, 2001). This means that it ends when the woman delivers. However, during pregnancy, the mother has to seek medication because of the com plications that come with gestational diabetes mellitus. Monitoring the pregnant woman’s blood glucose, changes in diet and injection with insulin are also recommendable. Symptoms of diabetes include high throat dryness, increased thirst (polydipsia), increased urination

Architecture of Olympiapark in Berlin - 1040 Words

Part 1: Description of This Building Olympiapark is a Postmodern collection of buildings located in Munich, Germany and was constructed for the 1972 Summer Olympics. Olympiapark consists of 4 main areas: Olympic area, village, media city, and park. The main focus of my paper is on Olympic Stadium which is pictured above. The design for Olympiapark was chosen through a national competition that was won by the German architect Gà ¼nter Behnisch’s design company Behnisch und Partner. The 1 square mile area where Olympiapark was built at that time was known as Oberwiesenfeld (‘upper meadow-field’). Oberwiesenfeld before that was a dumping area for World War II debris and a landing strip. The area was designed to ‘be green’ and to make use of†¦show more content†¦Only 30 years before Olympiapark was built Germany hosted the Olympics under Nazi control and the buildings were strong and almost ‘harsh’ portraying the Nazi people as a su perior and dominating group of people. â€Å"His idea was that the Park was to be a total contrast to the previous bombastic architecture of the 1936 Nazi Olympics, with modern buildings helping to create an atmosphere of egalitarianism and freedom† (Childs 2010). I agree with both commentaries on the Olympiapark. These buildings were not only beautiful in design but had a purpose and came to bring the German people up from a devastating war and reputation. I myself have family in Germany and this is one piece of architecture that is easily recognized by most Germans. It not only revolutionized architecture in Germany but revitalized the people of Germany. Part 4: Why This Building Appeals to Me I chose this building for multiple reasons, the most important being I really appreciate Gà ¼nter Behnisch’s work. His buildings, my favorite being the Bundehaus in Bonn, are simple but very symbolic. To him, a building is more than just material and a blue print. Olympiapark was a futuristic building that was built on the grounds where only years before, lay the infrastructure that was destroyed during World War II. Olympiapark was built to represent the German people as free-thinking and liberated from the axial and rigid structure of the

Affect of Fast Food Free Essays

string(29) " generations tend to prefer\." Primary Factors that Affect Choice of Fast Food PRIMARY FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHOICE OF FAST FOOD AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND DIFFERENTIATIONS IN HEALTH PERSPECTIVES RELATED TO CONSUMPTION OF FAST FOOD ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to identify the impact that culture has on the consumption of fast food and to compare the difference in buying behavior in different countries. Finally, this work will investigate the major factors that affect customer’s choice in fast food and to understand the relationship between food consumptions and health. This study has made a qualitative examination of fast food consumption among individuals of various nationalities and ethnicities in various countries specifically as related to consumption of fast food through an extensive review of literature in a study reported in interpretive and descriptive findings. We will write a custom essay sample on Affect of Fast Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature reviewed in this study is of an academic and peer-reviewed nature and published in journals, books, and professional literature and is of a recent nature. Globalization is greatly changing society and culture all around the globe in terms of consumer choices, lifestyle, individual preferences, socialization and custom and at the same time all of these factors are individualizing and changing specific aspects of marketing for fast food restaurants such as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and others. In short, understanding factors affecting consumer choices regarding fast food is a complex focus of research because many diverse and various factors must be taken into consideration in terms of fast food and indeed the non-foodness’ (Kwan, 1999) this study has found that non-food related factors affecting consumer choice of fast food establishments on a local and international basis include factors such as: (1) individual choice; (2) religious; (3) group preferences; (4) health-related factors; (5) location and availability of restaurant choices; (6) costs; (7) socialization; (8) time available for eating; (9) with whom they are eating the food; (10) whether the individual is a student in a college or university within the proximity of a fast food restaurant. OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to identify the impact that culture has on the consumption of fast food and to compare the difference in buying behavior in different countries. Finally, this work will investigate the major factors that affect customer’s choice in fast food and to understand the relationship between food consumptions and health. INTRODUCTION This study focuses on the factors that affect the choice of fast food by individuals in various countries throughout the world and specifically as related to buying behavior as related to consumptions of fast food and health perceptions among these individuals and different cultures. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Many studies have cited health-related affects from fast food consumption therefore this study has sought to investigate the factors that affect the choice of fast food among different individuals in various countries throughout the world and the related health perceptions of these individuals as related to consumption of fast food. METHODOLOGY This study has made a qualitative examination of fast food consumption among individuals of various nationalities and ethnicities in various countries specifically as related to consumption of fast food through an extensive review of literature in a study reported in interpretive and descriptive findings. Literature reviewed in this study is of an academic and peer-reviewed nature and published in journals, books, and professional literature and is of a recent nature. INTRODUCTION Globalization is greatly changing society and culture all around the globe in terms of consumer choices, lifestyle, individual preferences, socialization and custom and at the same time all of these factors are individualizing and changing specific aspects of marketing for fast food restaurants such as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and others. In short, understanding factors affecting consumer choices regarding fast food is a complex focus of research because many diverse and various factors must be taken into consideration in terms of fast food and indeed the non-foodness’ (Kwan, 1999) of fast food must be examined. ‘Non-foodness’ is a term coined in the work of Kwan (1999) which is a term used to refer to other reasons that fast food is chosen for consumption among consumers internationally. These factors will be specifically focused on in this study. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ) What different views are held among different cultures in countries throughout the world relating to consumption of fast food? 2) What are the health perspective differentials existing among individuals in various countries throughout the world related to fast food consumption? 3) What are the primary factors that affect the consumption of fast food by college-age students from various countries of the world? 4) Is consumption of fast food an addition to- or an extension of- cultural issues surrounding food consumption? 5) What non-food related factors affect consumer choice of fast food establishments internationally and locally? LITERATURE REVIEW The work of Jiang (2006) entitled: â€Å"American Fast Food in Chinese Culture† states that the research reported is of a study that examined the affects of American fast food culture on Chinese eating habits and the perceptions that the Chinese population have on their general health statuses and the effects of American fast food on Chinese health. Factors listed in this study for consumption of fast food included: (1) Convenience; (2) Speed; (3) Clean and quiet environment; (4) Children being the reason for visiting fast food establishments. Included in reasons for visiting fast food establishments by the Chinese individuals interviewed by Jiang were the reasons stated as: (1) Cleanliness; and 2) Preference for the food. In the country of China Jiang (2006) states that places: â€Å"†¦such as McDonald’s and KFC represent the attainment of the desired urban Chinese life. They are places where small companies started by recent college graduates hold office meeting s. They are popular dating spots among the young adults and quiet places to get away from the hustle and bustle of metropolitan life for the increasing population of white collar workers. The well lit, standardized and clean restaurants represent the antithesis of the traditional Chinese restaurant in which franchises are rare, busy meal time are always loud, and the older generations tend to prefer. You read "Affect of Fast Food" in category "Papers" (Jiang, 2006) Jiang relates that these fast food restaurants in China place an emphasis on the culture and social status which is reflected in â€Å"†¦the business strategies of the fast food companies in targeting the younger generation with weight loss salads, quiet environments and trendy music. † (2006) The younger generation in China have different values than do their parents â€Å"†¦the standards for social status have changed as well. Changing standards which American fast food among other companies have been catering to include the creation of â€Å"†¦non-smoking, clean, professional franchises that make the younger generation feel comfortable and upscale. At McDonald’s for example, they are treated in the same manner as a successful businessman thirty years their senior. At Starbucks, the standardized menu allows them to have their favorite drink made the same way no matter which franchise they visit. At KFC, one can sit down to study without being bombarded by loud yells from smoking middle-aged men talking business over beer. Whereas previous generations favored personal attention, the new generation now favors personal comfort. In order to be successful, consequently, new businesses have to target the intra-generational cultures. † (Jiang, 2006) The work of Wai Yin Kwan entitled: â€Å"American Fast Food in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China† (1999) relates some very interesting facts. Kwan (1999) conducted a survey among Texas students from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. Findings of the survey include the following stated reasons why these individuals choose fast food: (1) Because it is â€Å"something new and different† – Kwan relates that â€Å"since hamburgers, pizzas, and french fries are not items found in the traditional Chinese diet, many first time customers went to the fast food places just to find out what the food and the entire fast food experience were like. † (1999) (2) American – Kwan relates that for some of these individuals the aspect of the individuals in this study because it provided them with a â€Å"change to participate in and associate themselves with the American culture. (1999) Kwan’s study revealed that because â€Å"people have differing conceptions of what America is, the exact aspects of American culture that the consumers found appealing also differ. For the younger generation the American fast foo d/tee-shirt and jeans culture represents a lack of formal rules, casualness, and youth. For young adults who are involved or wish to be involved in the business world, American fast food represents the modern, global culture. † (1999) (3) Something special – Kwan relates that in the advent of the fast food chains â€Å"†¦their prices were relatively high compared to lower end, traditional eating establishments. The high prices prevented most people from going there on a regular basis, and therefore fast food was seen a special treat. (1999) (4) Tourist destination – Kwan relates findings that since fast food places are generally concentrated in the large urban areas â€Å"†¦and have not yet reached rural towns, many rural tourists who visit large urban cities in China make a special trip to fast food places. Many tourists have their picture taken in front of the McDonald’s sign or with the Ronald McDonald statue outside the restaurant to docume nt their contact with an exotic culture. â€Å" (1999) (5) Location, location, location – Over a period-of-time, Kwan’s study notes that â€Å"†¦as the number of fast food outlets increased, the reasons why people go to fast food places changed. All the interviewees who have become accustomed to the presence of the fast food chains now cite the numerous locations as a major reason for going to fast food outlets. Some of the students said while they would never make a special trip to go to a fast food place, they sometimes ate fast food because they happened to walk by a fast food place when they were hungry. † (1999) Additionally, other than the number of fast food outlets, the locations were noted to play an integral role in the popularity of fast food among the students from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China as many of these outlets are located nearby schools and college campuses and students were stated to be prone to gather in these outlets in the late afternoon and early evening following classes. (6) The Toys! – McDonald’s was found to be popular among youth from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China because of the toys provided with the Happy Meal. Kwan states: â€Å"Recently the Happy Meal toys also attracted the attention of the adult market. The sales of Happy Meals at McDonald’s in Hong Kong jumped 80% in 1998 after the introduction of the Snoopy doll, and jumped 10% in 1999 after the introduction of the Hello Kitty doll This increase in sales was driven by both kids and adults who bought and then resold the dolls at twenty times the original price. † (1999) (7) Friendly staff – According to Kwan another reason cited for the popularity of fast food was the friendly staff and atmosphere. Findings of the survey relate that quality of service varies at other high-end expensive and traditional restaurants â€Å"while the quality of service at traditional places varies greatly depending on the personality of the waiter, the students said that the cashiers at the fast food places are always smiling and polite. † (1999) (8) Cleanliness – Kwan relates the fact that Taiwanese and Chinese students â€Å"†¦were also impressed by the cleanliness of the fast food places. One reason for the cleanliness is the fact that unlike traditional restaurants where the customers leave all the dishes on the tables when they leave, the customers at the fast food places throw their own trash away. The students were also impressed by the fact that employees were constantly sweeping the floors and cleaning the windows. † (1999) The students from Hong Kong however, â€Å"†¦didn’t express the view that the service and cleanliness of American fast food chains are superior to domestic eateries. † (1999) Kwan reports that in survey questions that focused entirely on fast food at McDonald’s the following findings were stated: (1) Friendly atmosphere – Kwan relates that the tops reasons for choosing McDonalds among the students from Taiwan and China included: (a) clean atmosphere; (b) friendly atmosphere. Secondary was the food itself. 2) Cheap prices – Kwan relates that unlike China and Taiwan â€Å"†¦where the prices at McDonald’s were higher than traditional food eateries, the prices at McDonald’s in Hong Kong are cheaper than most other eateries. The low prices were very attractive to the young students who had a limited supply of money. † (1999) Kwan relates that among the students he surveyed that â€Å"none of the students I interviewed expressed a strong negative view of the American fast food chains. Also stated in the findings of the study conducted by Kwan (1999) is: â€Å"While there is a bias against American fast food, especially among the older generation, the bias isn’t for reasons that American critics normally cite. Many of the students said that their parents never even wanted to try American fast food because of the fact that they didn’t consider it real food. In their opinion a real meal consists of rice or noodles, some meat and vegetables, not â€Å"two slices of bread, a small piece of meat and some ketchup. †(Kwan, 1999) The students from Taiwan, China and Hong Kong, held the view that the more choices available to them all the better and as well nearly all of the students held the belief that â€Å"†¦of the students also shared the common belief that the introduction of American fast food companies was not a threat to their culture, because they believe that the Chinese people are too proud of their food culture to ever let fast food replace traditional food. † (Kwan, 1999) This study reports that among those students who enjoyed eating fast food it was viewed as â€Å"†¦more as alternative to their daily diet, rather than being the main part of their diet. † (1999) Kwan relates that there was no expressed concern among Hong Kong and Taiwanese students â€Å"over the widespread presence of fast food back home, some of the students from China were bothered by the rapidly increasing presence of fast food in China. One student said while she readily accepts the presence of McDonald’s in the urban cities, she is less supportive of the idea of McDonald’s spreading into the rural areas. † (Kwan, 1999) Kwan humorously states: â€Å"Relax people, it’s just capitalism! (1999) It is reported that the students surveyed held a belief that the fast food corporations are just â€Å"corporate behavior as a natural part of doing business†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1999) The students surveyed by Kwan did not have a negative image of America n fast food companies and some even held the belief that local food culture has been improved by the introduction of the fast food restaurants. The reason stated for this is: â€Å"Previous to the introduction of fast food, not much attention was paid to the service and cleanliness of inexpensive, small scale eateries; good service and a clean environment were high priorities only in expensive, high scale restaurants. The students, who are old enough to compare the conditions of local eateries before and after the introduction of fast food, said that some local restaurants are trying to improve their service and cleanliness in response to the competition from the American fast food industry. † (1999) The study conducted by Kwan also reveals the situation that occurred in Hong Kong: â€Å"In 1974 the founders of Cafe Coral changed the eatery from a traditional style restaurant, to a self-service system that combined Chinese style food with Western style concepts of mass production, quality, service, cleanliness, and value. By 1999 Cafe de Coral had 112 fast food outlets in Hong Kong, second only to McDonald’s 147 outlets. These domestic fast food companies have taken what they have learned from Western fast food companies and created viable alternative for local consumers who want both the service, cleanliness, and low prices associated with Western fast food and the taste of traditional Chinese food. † (Kwan, 1999) Kwan relates that the rapid spread of American fast food in China â€Å"†¦China should not simply be seen as one-way process of foreign business imposing their product on local consumers. Consumers have as much affect on the way the product is perceived and used, as the corporations that market the product. † (1999) Adjustments have been noted in the menu offerings by the fast food restaurants in order to adapt to the tastes of the locality which includes offering of the Teriyaki burger by McDonald’s and the offerings of a seafood Pizza by Pizza Hut topped with shrimp and squid. Students in numbers have made note of the fact that the Spicy Chicken Wings at Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) were greatly liked and Kwan states this is due to the fact that â€Å"Chinese people generally consider the wings, not the breast or the thigh, as the juiciest and best part of the chicken. † (1999) Another aspect of the attraction of fast food to consumers that differentiates American and Hong Kong customers is the time spent at a fast food establishment. American consumers are stated to spend, on the average, 11 minutes while the Hong Kong consumers reporting spending, on-the-average, 20-25 minutes at the fast food establishment. Kwan relates: â€Å"One student I interviewed said she and her friends would often go to McDonald’s for a â€Å"quick† thirty minute meal before going somewhere else such as the movies. While for Americans the idea of spending thirty minutes eating fast ood seems to contradict the purpose of going to a â€Å"fast† food pl ace, to Chinese consumers this behavior is quite normal. † (1999) Also stated among the findings of the study of Kwan is that the fast food establishment is a â€Å"place to hang out†¦a social gathering place for people, especially youths and college-age people. † (1999) The location of these establishments centrally located to schools, universities, and colleges and allowed those who frequented these fast food restaurants to hang out as long as they like, although the study reveals that other waiting customers did often apply pressure and hurry those with tables to eat and surrender the table and with other customers soon to follow to pressure those just having gained the table to give it up to them. Kwan specifically relates that one of the primary reasons for fast food restaurants becoming a chosen hangout is because â€Å"†¦there are no other food establishments that students and their friends could hang out. The owners of small, family-owned Chinese restaurants expect the customers to finish eating in a reasonable amount of time so that new customers can be seated. The fancier restaurants, that are more accommodating to people who stay for longer periods, are too expensive for most youths. â€Å" (1999) The social aspect of fast food restaurants reflects that status of eating in socialization among these students. Kwan relates findings that eating, among the students surveyed â€Å"was considered a social activity to be shared with others. All of the students said that they would usually or almost always go out to the fast food places with someone else. Some students even said that they would never go out to eat alone. For some students the primary purpose of going to the fast food places was to hang out, not to eat. A few of the students said that they went to the fast food places, even though they didn’t like the food, because their friends wanted to go. They would order a drink and maybe something small like fries or a dessert, and spend quite a while there just hanging out and talking with their friends. † (1999) Kwan notes the ‘Non-foodness of fast food† in that it has been assimilated into accepted local culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  although this is certainly on a global scale, et this type of food is not viewed the same as traditional Chinese food in the Chinese culture. Chinese food is not only traditional in its content but in its cultural form as well the vast array of available dishes when eating in a Chinese restaurant is accompanied by a great and lengthy discussion as to the ‘quality’ of the food â€Å"†¦and urging others to eat more. † (Kwan, 1999) Furthermore, it is revealed in this study that Chinese fast food consumption is through â€Å"a simple routine of picking which number value meal they want. † (Kwan, 1999) One of the primary findings in this study is that â€Å"many people don’t expect to get full from fast food. Kwan states that students related: â€Å"†¦they would feel ripped off if they went to a traditional place and didn’t get full, the fact that they didn’t get full from McDonald’s never bothered them. A few of the students even commented on the fact that two or three hours after eating fast food, they would get hungry again. If they had eaten a real meal, meaning rice, meat, and vegetables, then they would be full for the rest of the night. † (1999) Kwan’s study notes that the reactions of the overseas students to fast food in America includes the findings that to these students interviewed from China, Taiwan and Hong Kong: â€Å"Chinese made American fast-food tastes better† accredited to the spices in China which are put in the burgers make them taste better than in America. Chinese students state that pizza is even better in China and stated in the survey: â€Å"Many of the overseas students said that they were disappointed the first time they ate pizza here in America because they were used to eating pizzas with five or six toppings back home. They thought it was a rip off that the pizzas in the U. S. usually only come with one topping. † (Kwan, 1999) Among the students interviewed Kwan states findings that â€Å"the ubiquitous nature of fast food is also another reason for their decreased interest in fast food. Since the allure of eating something â€Å"different†, something â€Å"American† is gone, the only reason left to go to the fast food places is the food itself. For most of the students I interviewed, the food just isn’t enough of a reason to go to the fast food places. † (1999) Kwan concludes the study by stating: â€Å"The reasons consumers in China, McDonald’s and Hong Kong go to fast food places is much more complex than the fact that â€Å"Chinese consumers are obsessed with all things American. † Their reasons for going to fast food places range from characteristics shared by consumers throughout the world, such as convenience, location and hunger, to reasons that based on specific cultural values, such as the view that eating is a social activity. Ironically the food itself only plays minor role in the popularity of fast food. The emphasis on going to a fast food place as a social activity, rather than a eating activity, offers a definition of the term â€Å"fast food† that is vastly different from the one created by the business executives. † (1999) The work entitled: â€Å"Fast Food: Faster Way to Ill Health† published in ‘The Hindu’ relates that while country has â€Å"the largest epidemic, in any nation, of malnourished people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well India â€Å"will soon be the largest epidemic of any national, of obese and diabetic people who will be prone to trouble with their kidneys, eyes, nervous systems, or other parts of the body. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) This is attributed to policies, or actually a lack of policies â€Å"of successive governments, central and state†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ((Balasubramanian, 2008) This report relates that fast food or ‘junk food in India’ â€Å"does not come any faster than the traditional idli, vada, dosa, samosa, pakoda or chat in our shops and stalls; indeed it comes slower. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) The report relates a typical scene in India stating: â€Å"One report says that over 23 per cent of the children in Delhi are obese. One hopes that this estimate is not true; if it is, one shudders to think of the numbers in Mumbai, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Gurgaon and other nouveau riche cities with their fast pervading mall culture and fast food attractions. Here is a typical scene from one such mall in Hyderabad. It has a 4-movie multiplex theatre, surrounded by 40-odd fast food kiosks and 20-odd shops that sell clothing, perfumes and jewelry, music and video CDs and DVDs and the like. Not one of them sells traditional Indian meals or snacks. And the mall, like 20 others in the city, is filled with thousands of youngsters who obviously have enough to spend. We did not have such scenes in India twenty years ago, but this mall and fast food culture is expanding explosively across India. This too is part of the globalization of India, a part that auses great concern about the health of its citizens. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) Balasubramanian reports a research conducted by the research firm ‘S ynovate’ recently among thirteen countries on â€Å"food habits and health, particularly fast food culture and obesity. † (2008) Findings in the study reported by Balasubramanian (2008) state the â€Å"†¦the number one fast food nation in the world is the United Kingdom. About 45 per cent of the people there are fast food eaters, and say â€Å"I like the taste of fast food too much to give it up. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) Following a close second are Americans at 44% and Canadians in very close behind in third place consumption of fast food and 37%. Very different findings are stated for the French who reject fast food at a rate of 81% and Singaporeans who reject fast food at a rate of 71%. Balasubramanian notes that while â€Å"†¦these two countries too are globalized, developed nations, and yet their people reject fast food. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) Balasubramanian states that a paradox exists among the French in that there are so very few incidences of metabolic type disorders and diseases. This could well be the fact that only 30% of those in France are overweight while â€Å"less than 24 percent in Singapore†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are overweight. Those overweight in China are at approximately 18% and 15% of individuals were obese in India until 1980 when that rate climbed rapidly to 27%. Balasubramanian makes a comparison of fast food and traditional food in India and states: â€Å"A hamburger with toppings yields 300 calories (cal) and 10 grams (g) total fat. A slice of pepperoni pizza has 180 cal and 7 g fat. A 12-oz (340 ml) can of Coca Cola yields 155 cal, and a small portion of McDonald’s French fries has 210 cal, and as much as 15g total fat (and the bad ones, the trans fats, form 4g of this amount). More often than not, these are eaten as snacks and not as meals, and thus add to the calorie and fat content- contributing to obesity and associated ill health. † (2008) Balasubramanian states that in comparison to Indian snacks nd ‘tiffin’ that these â€Å"†¦one midsize idli offers 70 cal and 0. grams fat, a sada dosa 140 cal and 5 grams fat (hence a set dosa or steamed dosa is better), and a samosa packs 370 cal and 18 grams fat (matching a pizza slice or a plate of fries). A glass of lassi (200 g) gives you 140 cal and 2 grams fa t (only if it is not ‘malai dal ke’). In the list of fattening dishes of India, korma and biryani stand on top, while ‘tikka’ items cooked in dry oven are low fat. This comparison is not to say: â€Å"avoid burger and fries, and eat only idli vada,† but to request to use moderation and caution. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) In another report from the University of Austin Texas entitled: â€Å"Research Examines the Incorporation of Fast Food Culture† it is related that although McDonald’s the work of Dr. John Traphagan and Dr. L. Keith Brown which is published in the Journal of Ethnology (2002) which relates that fast food is among many and â€Å"†¦often is disparaged as imposing American culture upon unsuspecting global consumers, a new study shows that in Japan fast food restaurants may have positive cultural effects. † (2002) This study â€Å"†¦highlights examples of how McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and other Westernized fast food restaurants provide an opportunity for Japanese families to interact with a sense of intimacy and conviviality that is not seen in more traditional Japanese fast food establishments. † (Traphagan, 2002) T Traphagan states in the findings of the study: â€Å"We became interested in fast food in Japan as a result of casual observations of people in restaurants. It seemed to us that the patterns of eating and interaction were different from what is often reported in the media and in various scholarship in relation to the role of McDonald’s and other fast food venues in modern societies. We also were interested, in this age of globalization, in how the products of multinational corporations such as McDonald’s fit into other, non-American cultures,† he said. â€Å"We were interested in how such global, or American, products are perceived in other cultures, how those products are consumed and used in other cultures, how they are adjusted or changed to fit with the local culture and what effect such things have on other cultures. † (2002) Through observation of the behavior of those eating in fast food restaurants the researchers were able to note differential eating patterns between Japanese and American consumers including findings of the sharing of food among co-workers, friends, and members of family. Traphagan states: â€Å"It is very common for Japanese to have plates of common food in the center of the table, from which they take small portions. Intimacy is sometimes evident by the manner in which people use their chopsticks. If they turn the chopsticks around and take the food from the common plate with the back ends of the chopsticks, this indicates a degree of social distance. One would not do this with family members. The tendency of having common food in the center of the table holds in restaurants like McDonald’s, where people usually dump all of the french fries onto a common tray in the center of the table and then draw from them as desired. † (2002) Fast food was also found in the study conducted by Traphagan to be differentiated in Japan from fast food in the United States in that Japanese fast food â€Å"†¦involves a range of options wider than the burgers and fries or fried chicken that typifies the American example, ramen, yakitori and sushi can all be fast food. In some ways, many aspects of Japanese cuisine are fast food in that they can be prepared, kept and eaten quickly — although by no means do Japanese always eat quickly. (2002) It is important to note the findings stated by Traphagan that the Japanese â€Å"†¦view foods like hamburgers and fries as snacks, rather than as a full meal. The lack of rice puts these foods into a somewhat different catego ry from that typical in the U. S. † (Traphagan, 2002) Traphagan states findings that certain customs of the Japanese were â€Å"†¦sustained in fast food restaurants. One is that a woman in the group — the wife, mother or girlfriend — will go to the counter to place the order and pay, while the rest of the family is seated. In a society where family dinners are rare, the researchers found this time was used by the father to interact with his children, making a trip to McDonald’s an important family outing. † (Traphagan, 2000) The work of Douglas Kellner entitled: â€Å"Theorizing/Resisting McDonaldization: A Multiperspectivist Approach† (nd) states that no doubt exists that â€Å"McDonaldization is spreading as an international phenomenon. † This work states that in 1996 the Economists made note of the fact that McDonalds reported the intention to open approximately 32,000 new restaurants and that two-thirds of these would be located outside of the United States. It is stated that the analysis conducted by Ritzer while acknowledged McDonalds in terms of its ‘product, architecture, and atmosphere to local conditions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  fails to analyze the â€Å"meanings, social functions, and experiences†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that are experienced by customers as McDonald’s â€Å"generates a variety of local conditions. † (nd) It is noted that McDonald’s, just as any global artifact â€Å".. as very different meanings and functions in different regions and parts of the world, a nd a concrete analysis should interrogate local conditions in which consumers provide their own narratives of their site-specific and particular experiences to capture the variety and diversity of meanings of the McDonald’s effect. † (nd) Kellner states that he would argue for what I call a multiperspectivist social theory (Best and Kellner 1991 and 1997; Kellner 1995) to engage the phenomenon of McDonaldization and to provide a more contextual and multidimensional paradigm for analyzing the multiplicity of economic, socio-political, and cultural aspects of McDonaldization. This requires mobilizing the resources of both modern and postmodern theory, using both Marx and Weber, and Baudrillard and postmodern theory, as well as the resources of cultural studies and a critical multiculturalism, to theorize the full-range of the phenomenon of the global hybridization of McDonaldization, its cultural and ideological construction, and its complex effects. McDonaldization is a many-sided phenomenon and the more perspectives that one can bring to its analysis and critique, the better grasp of the phenomenon one will have and the better one will be able to develop alternative readings and generate oppositional practices. † (nd) The work of Jack Marr and Alcinda Hatfield entitled: â€Å"Fast-Food Restaurants: Just What Eastern China’s Consumers Ordered† states that the growth of fast food restaurants in the country of China has â€Å"mushroomed† in both ‘number and diversity’. Specifically stated is that â€Å"as recently as 1993, Chinese consumers had few fast-food choices. Restaurant food was limited to five-star hotels, traditional Chinese restaurants and street-side wonton, pulled noodle and tea-egg vendors. † (2004) The favorite fast food in the country of China is Kentucky Fried Chicken who has combined a popular mid-priced menu, featuring fried chicken, some of which is adapted to local tastes. Its modern atmosphere and marketing target Chinese children. (Marr and Hatfield, 2004) The primary competitor of Kentucky Fried Chicken in China is McDonalds with â€Å"sixteen of its current 120 restaurants in China are located in Shanghai. † (Marr and Hatfield, 2004) The work of Shiva Dindyal and Sanjay Dindyal entitled: â€Å"How Personal Factors, Including Culture and Ethnicity, Affect the Choices and Selection of Food We Make† published in the Internet Journal of Third World Medicine relates that the major cities in the world â€Å"are made up of diverse societies, consisting of a wide range of individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Ethnicity refers to a social group, which shares certain distinctive features, such as language, culture physical appearance, religion, values and customs. Culture on the other hand refers to how we do and view things in our group. For example a shared set of values, assumptions, perceptions and conventions based on a shared history and language can make a certain group. In order for a society to function efficiently and smoothly these individuals must learn to integrate and coexist together. This will involve among other things, accepting and sampling different types of foods and even adjusting their diets. † (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) Dindyal and Dindyal relate that consumption of specific foods may be encouraged or discouraged among groups as well as the consumption of specific foods during certain life stages and under certain conditions. Religion is also stated to play a great role in food choice, selection and consumption in certain societies and cultures. Another personal factor affecting food choice and selection is â€Å"patterns of eating, which include for whom the food is being made. † (2008) Stated as an example is that in traditional eastern cultures â€Å"food tend to be prepared for a large number of people at regular times of the day. The opposite is true in western cultures, where food prepared less frequently during the day and often the same mea is eaten more than once during the day. † (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) Another personal factor affecting choice of foods is the individuals’ occupation which is a factor stated to â€Å"†¦directly influence the people’s social class. (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) Another factor is the â€Å"mood and individual personality† of the individual† as well as â€Å"geographical factors such as where people live and the rang e of shops situated near them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) A recent survey conducted among 975 girls and 13 boys relating to fast food reports that when asked â€Å"Do you enjoy eating fast food? † respondents replied as shown in the following chart. Figure 1 Do you enjoy eating fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When asked â€Å"How often to you eat fast food? † respondents in this survey revealed that they eat fast food between one and three times each week while the second largest group replied that they eat fast food between two and three times each month as shown in the following chart. Figure 2 How often do you eat fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked the question of: â€Å"If you don’t eat fast food, why? † respondents were asked to reply by stating: (1) I don’t like it; (2) My family never goes out to eat; (3) There are no fast food restaurants near my house; (4) It is unhealthy; (5) I eat fast food so this question does not apply to me; (6) I am a vegetarian/vegan; (7) It costs too much; or (8) other, the respondents stated as shown in the following chart. Figure 3 If you don’t eat fast food, why? |whynoeat | |dntlike |41 |5. 05 | famnoeat |51 |6. 28 | |noffrest |13 |1. 6 | |unhealth |126 |15. 52 | |eatff |550 |67. 73 | |Vegetarian |17 |2. 09 | |toomuch$ |6 |0. 74 | |other |8 |0. 99 | Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents in the survey were polled in relation to what their favorite typ e of fast food was choices provided included burgers, pizza, Chinese food, chicken, tacos, salad, soup, breakfast, hotdogs, chicken, fish and chips, nachos, french fries, subway, pasta, sweets, and none. The respondents stated preferences for fast food type as shown in the following chart. Figure 4 What is your favorite type of fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked if they had a favorite fast food restaurant among the choices of McDonald’s, Burger King, Taco Bell, Wendy’s, KFC, Jack in the Box, Arby’s, Jollibee, Subway, Pizza Hut, In and Out, Panda express, Long John Silvers, Tim Hortons, Dairy Queen, Checkers, or some random fast food place the replies stated were those as follows with McDonalds in the lead: Figure 5 Do you have a favorite restaurant? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents in the survey were polled as to whom they usually went to fast food restaurants with the choices stated as parents/family, brother/sisters, friend, by myself, coach/team, grndrent, don’t eat, boyfriend/girlfriend, coworkers, or other, the replies given by respondents are shown in the following table. Figure 6 Who do you usually go to fast food with? Count Percent |whoeat | | | | parents/fam |526 |54. 73 | |brosis |63 |6. 56 | |friends |272 |28. 3 | bymylf |14 |1. 46 | |coach/team |1 |0. 1 | |grndrent |20 |2. 08 | |donteat |48 |4. 99 | |bf/gf |7 |0. 73 | |coworkers |5 |0. 52 | |other |5 |0. 52 | Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked â€Å"What do you enjoy most about fast food? † respondents stated the tastes as being the number one enjoyment with the second and third most stated reply being t he ‘fast’ and ‘cheap’ nature of the fast food as what is most enjoyed about fast food. All results are shown in the following chart. Figure 7 What do you enjoy most about fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were polled concerning what they liked the ‘least’ about fast food, respondents replied as shown in the following chart. Figure 8 What do you like the least about fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were polled as to their perceptions of fast food in terms of health the respondents gave the following replied stated in percentages concerning their view of fast food was that is it ‘unhealthy’. Only 104 disagreed with this statement and only 12 strongly disagreed. The overwhelming majority of respondents stated an agreement that fast food is not healthy. Figure 9 Fast Food is Unhealthy [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked â€Å"If you eat at a fast food restaurant, what is your main reason? † respondents stated reasons as shown in the following chart with liking the tastes of fast food and because their parents eat fast food as primary reasons for eating at fast food restaurants. Figure 10 If you eat at a fast food restaurant, what is your main reason? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) Finally, this study asked respondents in this study the question of whether: ‘If you were forced to choose between cooking at home or eating fast food for the rest of your life, which would you choose? † Respondents overwhelmingly stated that they would choose to cook the rest of their life if forced to make a choice at the rate of approximately 82%. The study of Marsh, Fanning and Stiegert (2003) entitled: â€Å"Socioeconomic Determinants of Fast Food Consumption† states that: â€Å"Fast food consumption has increased dramatically over the past three decades in U. S. , accounting for nearly 35. 5% of total away-from-home expenditures in 1999. It is interesting to note the findings of this study which states: â€Å"Lin, Lucier, Allhouse, and Kantor examined the influence of fast food growth on frozen potato consumption. They report that on any given day that 13% of consumers eat french fries with fast food establishments accounting for 67% of the french fry market. They also report that french fry consumption varies by age, region, urbanization, race, and ethnicity, but independent of income. † (Marsh, Fanning and Steigert, 2003) Also stated in the findings of this study is: â€Å"Important regional and socio-demographic factors emerged. Consumers in the South and Midwest were most likely to consume fast food. In terms of gender, males were more likely to consume fast food than were females. Individuals were more likely to consume fast food until they reached 20-30 years of age at which point the likelihood that they consume fast food decreases throughout their life. Larger households (especially those with more than four persons) were less likely to consume fast food. Although the impact of income on the likelihood of consuming fast food was statistically significant, it was very inelastic. The likelihood of consuming fast food was much more sensitive to age relative to household size and least sensitive to income. † (Marsh, Fanning and Steigert, 2003) SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEWED The findings of the present study acknowledge first that fast food consumption is global in nature stretching from India, to China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, to the United States, fast food and fast food restaurants are relevant to a great majority of the world’s consumers. This study has found that fast food restaurants located near schools, colleges, and universities, are frequented regularly by students and that places such as McDonald’s represent more than food consumption because these places are also places of socialization for college students and other young people where these individuals study and ‘hang-out’ with their peers. The largest majority of individuals who eat fast food have been found in this study to e completely aware that fast food is unhealthy however, this study has found that fast food is not considered by most individuals to be ‘real food’ and that fast food such as McDonalds is acknowledge as less nutritional, les s healthy and less filling than what is considered to constitute ‘real food’ cooked at home. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY This study has posed the questions of: (1)What different views are held among different cultures in countries throughout the world relating to consumption of fast food? ; (2) What are the health perspective differentials existing among individuals in various countries throughout the world related to fast food consumption? (3) What are the primary factors that affect the consumption of fast food by college-age students from various countries of the world? ; (4) Is consumption of fast food an addition to- or an extension of- cultural issues surrounding food consumption? ; and (5) What non-food related factors affect consumer choice of fast food establishments internationally and locally? This study has found that consumption of fast food is viewed pretty much the same across cultures, race, and ethnicity in various countries as most individuals acknowledge fa st food to be generally snack type food and not really to be considered a meal such as ‘real food’ cooked at home. Fast food, when contrasted to real cooked food would be cast aside if individuals had to make a life-choice of the type of food they preferred to consume. This study has also found that the largest majority of those who eat fast food acknowledge that fast food is unhealthy to consume on a regular basis. The primary factors influencing college-age students in their consumption of fast food are factors of socialization and availability of fast food restaurants near schools, universities and campuses. Fast food consumption has been found by this study to be both in addition to as well as an extension of cultural issues and customs surrounding food consumption. Finally, this study has found that non-food related factors affecting consumer choice of fast food establishments on a local and international basis include factors such as: (1) individual choice; (2) religious; (3) group preferences; (4) health-related factors; (5) location and availability of restaurant choices; (6) costs; (7) socialization; (8) time available for eating; (9) with whom they are eating the food; (10) whether the individual is a student in a college or university within the proximity of a fast food restaurant. CONCLUSIONS Having reviewed an extensive amount of literature in the subject area of factors affecting consumers in the consumption of fast food this study concludes that the factors that affect fast food consumption among consumers are great in number in all countries in which fast food in consumed. Non-food related factors are just as great in the influence of fast food consumption as are food-related matters such as taste and nutritional value of the food be ing consumed. However, traditional restaurant dining is greatly preferred among older consumers and among more discerning younger consumers although this does not greatly impact younger consumers in terms of reducing their consumption of fast food or increasing their consumption of more traditional restaurant dining food items. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Future research will likely undertake studies of a longitudinal nature relating to factors affecting food consumption differences among different nationalities and ethnicities and as well will focus specifically on tracking the consumer patterns of individuals that follow those individuals over many years and life health-related transitions in gaining a complete understanding of the primary health-related factors that affect fast food consumption patterns among individuals of different nationalities and ethnicities. How to cite Affect of Fast Food, Papers